How topographical surface features can affect the interaction of implants with soft tissues?

The present paper is a review of the effects of the topographical surface features on the interaction between implants and tissues, with particular reference to dental implants. In this regard, dental implants are of particular interest, because they are in contact with both soft (gum) and hard tissues (bone) and they require different surface characteristics in different areas, in order to maximize tissue interaction. Down growing of epithelium must be avoided, while fast osteointegration and development of a gummy seal must be enhanced. Dental implants are open systems and they can be easily contaminated by bacteria during implantation procedure, as well as during their implantation life: this means that their surface must be engineered against bacterial contamination too. The effects of micromachining on different scales (micrometric and nanometric size) on bacteria adhesion and biofilm formation, as well as on cell adhesion, proliferation and contact guidance phenomena will be discussed. Behaviour of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and epithelial cells on surfaces of different roughness and topography will be reviewed and discussed. The eventual effects of topographical features on tissue and collagen formation within the gum will be considered. Key-Words: -Dental implants, surface, topography, microfabbrication, soft tissue, fibroblasts, microgrooves, nanotexture